Tesla
inherited from his father a deep hatred of war. Throughout his life, he sought
a technological way to end warfare. He thought that war could be converted
into, "a mere spectacle of machines."
In 1931
Tesla announced to reporters at a press conference that he was on the verge of
discovering an entirely new source of energy. Asked to explain the nature of
the power, he replied, "The idea first came upon me as a tremendous
shock... I can only say at this time that it will come from an entirely new and
unsuspected source."
War
clouds were again darkening Europe. On 11 July 1934 the headline on the front
page of the New York Times read, "TESLA, AT 78, BARES NEW 'DEATH
BEAM.'" The article reported that the new invention "will send
concentrated beams of particles through the free air, of such tremendous energy
that they will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a distance of
250 miles..." Tesla stated that the death beam would make war impossible
by offering every country an "invisible Chinese wall."
The idea
generated considerable interest and controversy. Tesla went immediately to J.
P. Morgan, Jr. in search of financing to build a prototype of his invention.
Morgan was unconvinced. Tesla also attempted to deal directly with Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain. But when Chamberlain resigned
upon discovering that he had been out-maneuvered by Hitler at Munich, interest
in Tesla's anti-war weapon eventually collapsed.
By 1937
it was clear that war would soon break out in Europe. Frustrated in his
attempts to generate interest and financing for his "peace beam," he
sent an elaborate technical paper, including diagrams, to a number of Allied
nations including the United States, Canada, England, France, the Soviet Union,
and Yugoslavia. Titled "New Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-Dispersive
Energy Through Natural Media," the paper provided the first technical
description of what is today called a charged particle beam weapon.
What set
Tesla's proposal apart from the usual run of fantasy "death rays" was
a unique vacuum chamber with one end open to the atmosphere. Tesla devised a
unique vacuum seal by directing a high-velocity air stream at the tip of his
gun to maintain "high vacua." The necessary pumping action would be
accomplished with a large Tesla turbine.
Of all
the countries to receive Tesla's proposal, the greatest interest came from the
Soviet Union. In 1937 Tesla presented a plan to the Amtorg Trading Corporation,
an alleged Soviet arms front in New York City. Two years later, in 1939, one
stage of the plan was tested in the USSR and Tesla received a check for
$25,000.
Tesla
hoped that his invention would be used for purely defensive purposes, and thus
would become an anti-war machine. His system required a series of power plants
located along a country's coast that would scan the skies in search of enemy
aircraft. Since the beam was projected in a straight line, it was only
effective for about 200 miles — the distance of the curvature of the earth.
Tesla
also contemplated peacetime applications for his particle beam, one being to
transmit power without wires over long distances. Another radical notion he
proposed was to heat up portions of the upper atmosphere to light the sky at
night — a man-made aurora borealis.
Whether
Tesla's idea was ever taken seriously is still a mater of conjecture. Most
experts today consider his idea infeasible. Though, his death beam bears an
uncanny resemblance to the charged-particle beam weapon developed by both the
United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war.
Nonetheless,
Tesla's dream for a technological means to end war seems as impossible now as
it did when he proposed the idea in the 1930s.
One of the more
controversial topics involving Nikola Tesla is what became of many of his
technical and scientific papers after he died in 1943. Just before his death at
the height of World War II, he claimed that he had perfected his so-called
"death beam." So it was natural that the FBI and other U.S.
Government agencies would be interested in any scientific ideas involving
weaponry. Some were concerned that Tesla's papers might fall into the hands of
the Axis powers or the Soviets.
The morning after
the inventor's death, his nephew Sava Kosanovic´ hurried to his uncle's room at
the Hotel New Yorker. He was an up-and-coming Yugoslav official with suspected
connections to the communist party in his country. By the time he arrived,
Tesla's body had already been removed, and Kosanovic´ suspected that someone
had already gone through his uncle's effects. Technical papers were missing as
well as a black notebook he knew Tesla kept—a notebook with several hundred
pages, some of which were marked "Government."
P. E. Foxworth,
assistant director of the New York FBI office, was called in to investigate.
According to Foxworth, the government was "vitally interested" in
preserving Tesla's papers. Two days after Tesla's death, representatives of the
Office of Alien Property went to his room at the New Yorker Hotel and seized
all his possessions.
Dr. John G. Trump,
an electrical engineer with the National Defense Research Committee of the
Office of Scientific Research and Development, was called in to analyze the
Tesla papers in OAP custody. Following a three-day investigation, Dr. Trump
concluded:
His [Tesla's] thoughts and efforts
during at least the past 15 years were primarily of a speculative,
philosophical, and somewhat promotional character often concerned with the production
and wireless transmission of power; but did not include new, sound, workable
principles or methods for realizing such results.
Just after World
War II, there was a renewed interest in beam weapons. Copies of Tesla's papers
on particle beam weaponry were sent to Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton,
Ohio. An operation code-named "Project Nick" was heavily funded and
placed under the command of Brigadier General L. C. Craigie to test the
feasibility of Tesla's concept. Details of the experiments were never
published, and the project was apparently discontinued. But something peculiar
happened. The copies of Tesla's papers disappeared and nobody knows what
happened to them.
In 1952, Tesla's
remaining papers and possessions were released to Sava Kosanovic´ and returned
to Belgrade, Yugoslavia where a museum was created in the inventor's honor. For
many years, under Tito's communist regime, it was extremely difficult for
Western journalists and scholars to gain access to the Tesla archive in
Yugoslavia; even then they were allowed to see only selected papers. This was
not the case for Soviet scientists who came in delegations during the 1950s.
Concerns increased in 1960 when Soviet Premier Khrushchev announced to the
Supreme Soviet that "a new and fantastic weapon was in the hatching
stage."
Work on beam
weapons also continued in the United States. In 1958 the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a top-secret project code-named
"Seesaw" at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to develop a charged-particle
beam weapon. More than ten years and twenty-seven million dollars later, the
project was abandoned "because of the projected high costs associated with
implementation as well as the formidable technical problems associated with
propagating a beam through very long ranges in the atmosphere." Scientists
associated with the project had no knowledge of Tesla's papers.
In the late 1970s,
there was fear that the Soviets may have achieved a technological breakthrough.
Some U.S. defense analysts concluded that a large beam weapon facility was
under construction near the Sino-Soviet border in Southern Russia.
The American response
to this "technological surprise" was the Strategic Defense Initiative
announced by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. Teams of government scientists
were urged to "turn their great talents now to the cause of mankind and
world peace, to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent
and obsolete."
Today, after a
half-century of research and billions of dollars of investment, the SDI program
is generally considered a failure, and there is still no realistic means of
defense against a nuclear missile attack.
For many years
scientists and researchers have sought for Tesla's missing papers with no
apparent success. It is conceivable that if Nikola Tesla knew a means for
accurately projecting lethal beams of energy through the atmosphere, he may
have taken it to the grave with him.