Background
Active propaganda for Indian independence from British rule by the Ghadr Party in India during the early 1900s had generated unrest amongst overseas Indians, affecting troops stationed in Singapore. The Muslim 5th Light Infantry was one of these. The troop’s morale had been constantly at a low, afflicted by slack discipline, squabbles among the officers and a weak leadership. A certain Kassim Mansoor, a Gujarati Muslim coffee-shop owner, had also influenced the troops by sowing negative feelings towards the British. The troops had been stationed to guard military prisoners from the German ship, Emden, at Tanglin Barracks. With their duties completed, they were slated to leave for Hong Kong by 16 February 1915. However, rumours spread among the troops that they were to be ferried to fight against Muslim Turkey instead. The misunderstanding led to greater disaffection, which was fanned further by German prisoner, Oberleutnant Julius Lauterbach, who encouraged the troops to mutiny against their British commanders.3
Description
The mutiny broke out in the afternoon of 15 February, which was the last day of the Chinese New Year holiday. A single rifle shot fired by sepoy, Ismail Khan, shortly after 3 pm at Alexandra Barracks signalled the start of the mutiny. The mutineers killed some of the British officers at the barracks and took possession of boxes of ammunition. They then divided themselves into groups under individual leaders. While one party remained at Alexandra Barracks to prepare for an attack on the commanding officer’s house, the other groups set off from the barracks. One group went to Tanglin Barracks to release the German prisoners and invite them to lead the rebellion. After killing some British officers and releasing the German prisoners at Tanglin Barracks, the mutineers then roamed the streets of Singapore, killing any Europeans they came across.4
The mutiny took the British authorities by surprise because it was a public holiday and most officers and men were away on leave. However, without strong leadership and with their German supporters having escaped, the mutiny soon lost direction. The British authorities, recovering from the initial surprise, managed to mobilise and mount a counter-attack with reinforcement from the police, the Singapore Volunteer Corps, military men brought in by the Sultan of Johor, a naval force from HMS Cadmus as well as sailors from Japanese, French and Russian naval ships nearby. The Japanese sailors were joined by an additional group of Japanese special constables raised by the Japanese Consul. Even though the initial crisis was over within a short time, the mutiny lasted 10 days as the authorities carried out mopping-up operations to round up the mutineers. 44 British officers, soldiers and civilians, as well as three Chinese and two Malay civilians, were killed in the mutiny. In the course of the fighting, 56 sepoys were killed.5
Court of Inquiry
A Court of Inquiry was held on 23 February 1915, first in secret. It then continued publicly, and lasted until May. A total of 47 mutineers were executed, including two Indian officers, six havildars and 39 sepoys. The executions were carried out at Outram Prison. Two of the mutineers were executed on the day of the first trial on 23 February while the others were executed in public executions, witnessed by a large crowd of 15,000 on one occasion. A further 165 mutineers were sentenced to transportation or imprisonment. Kassim Mansoor was found guilty of treason and hanged on 31 May.6
Impact
As a consequence of this mutiny, all Indian residents were required to register, causing ill feelings among a majority loyal community.7 More than half a century after the event, studies imply that the mutiny might have had strong support from factions based in India who were keen on overthrowing British forces in the region.8 The event also serves as a reminder of the importance of internal security and the need for a civilian force trained in defence.9
To commemorate the event, two memorial tablets were placed at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall (now known as Victoria Concert Hall) and four plaques at St Andrew’s Cathedral.10
Author
Bonny Tan
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1915 Singapore Mutiny
The 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny or Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry, was a mutiny involving up to half of a regiment of 850 sepoys (Indian soldiers) against the British in Singapore during the First World War, linked with the 1915 Ghadar Conspiracy. The mutiny, on 15 February 1915, lasted nearly seven days. It resulted in the deaths of eight British officers & soldiers; two Malay officers and one soldier; 14 British civilians; five Chinese & Malay civilians; and one German internee; before it was finally quelled by British forces and Allied naval detachments. The reasons for the outbreak are complex and remain open to debate.
Background
5th Light Infantry
Immediately prior to World War One the regiment was employed in garrison duties in India. In 1914 the 5th LI was stationed in Nowgong when it was posted to Singapore to replace the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, which had been ordered to France. Unusually for 1914–15 the 5th Light Infantry was an entirely Muslim unit, mainly comprising Ranghars (Muslims of Rajput origin) and Pathans, commanded by British and Indian officers. Upon arrival in Singapore, the 5th Light Infantry was based in Alexandra Barracks.
Disunity and discontentment among the sepoys
To compound the problem, the sepoys themselves were divided into two major cliques. One led by the Subedar Major Khan Mohamed Khan and Subedar Wahid Ali and the other consisting of Subedar Dunde Khan, Jemedars Chisti Khan and Abdul Ali Khan. According to the Court of Inquiry, as a result of these two factions, discipline was compromised and how the fact of one side favoring any particular policy or measure in the regiment was at once the signal for its rejection by the other.
The sepoys were also accused of not being able to adjust and adapt to the living conditions in their new environment. While in India, the sepoys would have a constant supply of goat meat and milk but because it was difficult to receive a constant supply of goat in Singapore, the sepoys had to make do with a substitute – chicken - and very little milk. The sepoys resorted to buying their own meat and milk to make up for the insufficient amount they received and the use of the dollar versus the rupee irked them further.
Taken together, the narrative which was produced by the Court of Inquiry report as well as early scholars writing about the mutiny saw the cause of the mutiny to be internal in nature and a largely one-off local affair.
The mutiny
On 27 January 1915, Colonel Martin announced that the 5th Light Infantry was to be transferred to Hong Kong for further garrison duties, replacing another Indian regiment. However, rumours were circulated among the sepoys that they might instead be sent to Europe or to Turkey to fight against their Muslim co-religionists Three Indian officers, Subedar Dunde Khan, Jemedar Christi Khan, and Jemedar Ali Khan, were later to be identified by a court of enquiry as key conspirators in this matter. When the final order to sail to Hong Kong aboard the Nile arrived in February 1915, these and other ring-leaders amongst the sepoys decided that it was time to rebel. On the morning of 15 February, the General Officer Commanding Singapore addressed a farewell parade of the regiment, complimenting the sepoys on their excellent turn-out and referring to their departure the next day, without mentioning Hong Kong as the destination. At 3:30 pm on the afternoon of the same day, four Rajput companies of the eight companies making up the 5th Light Infantry mutinied. The mostly Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies did not join the mutiny, but scattered in confusion. Two British officers of the regiment were killed as they attempted to restore order.
The mutineers divided themselves into three groups. A party of 100 went to obtain ammunition from Tanglin Barracks, where 309 Germans, including crew members from the German light cruiser SMS Emden, had been interned by the British. The mutineers fired on the camp guards and officers without warning, killing ten British guards, three Johore troops present in the camp and one German internee. Amongst the dead were 2nd Lieutenant John Love Montgomerie, Rifles; Sergeant G. Wald,[9] (Reserve) Engineers; Corporal D. McGilvray,[10] Rifles; Corporal G.O. Lawson, Cyclist Scouts; Lance Corporal J.G.E. Harper, Rifles; Private B.C. Cameron, Rifles; Private F.S. Drysdale, Rifles; Private A.J.G. Holt,] Rifles and Stoker 1st Class C. F. Anscombe, HMS Cadmus. Three British and one German were wounded, but survived the attack, as did eight Royal Army Medical Corps personnel in the camp hospital, including one who managed to escape under heavy fire to raise the alarm. The mutineers tried to persuade the Germans to join them, but many of the latter were shaken by the sudden violence and reluctant to do so. Some German sailors and reservists wanted to join with the mutineers, but the majority adopted a neutral stance, refusing to accept rifles from the Indians. Thirty-five Germans escaped but the rest remained in the barracks.
As it was the middle of the Chinese New Year, most of the Chinese Volunteers Corps were on leave, leaving Singapore almost defenceless against the mutiny. The British government was caught unprepared, and other mutineers went on a killing spree at Keppel Harbour and Pasir Panjang, killing 18 European and local civilians. Martial law was imposed and every available man from HMS Cadmus went ashore to join with British, Malay and Chinese Volunteer units and the small number of British regular troops forming part of the garrison. British Vice-Admiral Sir Martyn Jerram sent a radio message requesting help from any allied warships nearby.
A group of mutineers laid siege to the bungalow of the commanding officer of the 5th Light Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel E. V. Martin, which effectively blocked the route into Singapore Town. Martin and a detachment of the hastily mobilised Malay States Volunteer Rifles held out through the night of the 15th under sporadic fire. Loyal sepoys who tried to join them were ordered to "go to a safe place" to prevent their being confused in the dark with mutineers. With daylight, the defenders were successful in retaking the regimental barracks at the cost of one killed and five wounded. The mutineers scattered, and despite sniper fire, the general population stayed calm while the volunteers, sailors and marines fought sporadic skirmishes with the mutineers.
Malay States Guides
Attached to the 5th Light Infantry at Alexandra Barracks were a detachment of 97 Indian officers and men of the Malay States Guides Mule Battery. Raised in 1896 for the internal garrisoning of the Federated Malay States, this regiment was recruited from Sikhs, Pathans and Punjabis in both India and Malaya. The British officer commanding the battery was shot dead by an unknown sniper as he hastened to the gun park. The MSG gunners then dispersed when a large body of 5th LI mutineers approached their lines. The MSG artillery pieces were abandoned but not brought into action by the mutineers. Seven men of the MSG were subsequently arrested in Outram Road, Singapore carrying rifles which had been fired. They were court-martialed and sentenced to a year in prison.
British women during the mutiny
Among the civilian fatalities during the mutiny were thirteen British men; one British woman, Mrs. G.B. Woolcombe (her death was later declared by the British authorities to have been accidental and unintended); two Chinese women; one Chinese man; and two Malay men. Based on available historical evidence, although the mutineers clearly directed their murderous intentions towards the British, they were careful to avoid targeting and the killing of British women[citation needed]. Unfortunately, the fact that only one British woman was killed was often ignored in the reportage which followed the mutiny. For instance, in a long letter detailing her experience during the mutiny, a British woman who was eye witness to the incident misleadingly wrote in to The Times that the sepoys had "deliberately shot at every European man or woman they saw" and that "21 English men and women were buried yesterday" (The Times, 26 March 1915). Sir Evelyn Ellis, a member of the Legislative Council in Singapore and of the official court of enquiry which investigated the mutiny, publicly described the revolt as "part of a scheme for the murder of women and children". More than 15 years later in 1932, a journalist in Penang, George Bilainkin, wrote that during the mutiny, the sepoys had "knifed and shot white men and women indiscriminately". As recently as 1989, CM Turbull had erroneously wrote that during the mutiny the sepoys roaming the streets were ‘’killing any Europeans they encountered’’.
Final suppression of the mutiny
On 17 February, the French cruiser Montcalm, followed by the Russian auxiliary cruiser Orel, and the Japanese warships] Otowa and Tsushima arrived. Seventy-five Japanese sailors, twenty-two Russians and 190 French marines were landed to round up mutineers who had taken refuge in the jungle to the north of Singapore. They were joined in this operation by sixty soldiers of the 36th Sikhs who were passing through Singapore, plus Singaporean police, British sailors and Malay States Volunteer Rifles. Lacking strong leadership, the mutiny had started to lose direction – a large number of the mutineers surrendered immediately, and the rest scattered in small groups into the jungles. Many tried to cross the Strait of Johore, but were quickly rounded up by the Sultan of Johore's army. While local media spoke of serious battles there were in fact only minor skirmishes between the allied landing parties and the now demoralized mutineers. By the evening of the 17th 432 mutineers had been captured.
On 20 February, companies of the 1st/4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry (Territorials) arrived from Rangoon to relieve the sailors and the marines. They succeeded in quickly rounding up the last of the mutineers.
Russian role and reservations
News of the mutiny reached the Russian Consul-General in Singapore, N.A. Rospopov, on the morning of 16 February through a Russian citizen who was a patient at a charity hospital in Singapore. As offices were closed for Chinese New Year and the town in a state of siege, Rospopov had difficulty finding formal and conclusive information about the mutiny through official sources. It was only a day later on the 17th February that the Russians, having been advised by their Japanese allies, dispatched the Orel to assist the British in putting down the mutiny. It was only on the 18th of February that Rospopov eventually received a telegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and another from the Commander of the Russian Pacific Squadron, Admiral Shultz, instructing the Orel to depart quickly for Singapore from Penang and to exercise ‘’extreme caution and military preparedness en route’’.
The Orel brought with it 40 men, 2-machine guns, and a doctor. Within 15 minutes of its arrival, the Russians were preparing for military action at the end of the railway line in the northern part of Singapore to intercept any fleeing mutineers. The Russians were successful in capturing an estimated 180 mutineers. The Russians had also engaged in heavy gun battle with the mutineers on the night of 25th February. As a result of this incident, certain published works on the 1915 mutiny has described that the Russians ‘’among all the Allies…had the closest encounter with near disaster avoided’’.
Besides military involvement, the Orel also temporarily provided shelter for some of the residents who had evacuated the town. Rospopov reported on the 21st of February that the Orel had to unexpectedly take in 42 women and 15 children abroad as a fire had broken out on board their other ship.
Although the Russians were quick to come to the aid of the British, Anglo-Russian bilateral relationship was fraught with an underlying sense of distrust rooted in a long-standing history of competition. Just decades before the mutiny of 1915, Russia and Britain were already locked in imperialist rivalry. Spurred by the last tsar's Asiatic Mission and his visit to South East Asia as part of his world tour of 1891, the Russian government appointed its first ethnic-Russian Consul, V. Vyvodtsev, to Singapore as early as 1890. The Russian presence in Southeast Asia during the last quarter of the 19th century was meant not only to safeguard its economic and strategic position in China but also to carefully observe the designs and advances of its imperialist rivals in the region, foremost among them being the British empire. Anglo-Russian relationship took a turn for the worst during the latter half of the 19th century when both Britain and Russia were locked in competition for Afghanistan and Persia as well as when Britain halted Russian advancement into the Balkans and Turkey. Britain’s alignment with Japan as ally worsened Anglo-Russian relationship with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 This history of suspicion and rivalry explains why Rospopov sent a secret telegram on 21 February expressing his reservations at placing the Orel and its accompanying men and guns under the command of the British military in Singapore. Eventually the French admiral was able to assuage the fears of Rospopov and assured him that Russian aid at this point would serve as a good means to strengthen Anglo-Russian relation. When the mutiny was finally quelled, the Russian captain Vinokurov reportedly remarked to the British Governor to Singapore that the Russian assistance in suppressing the mutiny ‘’would unite the two countries better than any treaty’’.
Japanese role and reservations
On the 16th February 1915, the Third Squadron of the Japanese Navy received a telegram from the Military Attaché Araki Jiro via Ma-Kung in the Formosa Straits (the main base of the Squadron) requesting for Japanese help. The Otowa and Tsushima were sent immediately for Singapore. Although help was sent and well received by the British Navy in Singapore, the Japanese Navy was hesitant about doing so initially. Commanding Officer of the Third Squadron, Rear Admiral Tsuchiya Mitsukane had apparently expressed his displeasure in dispatching help as he believed that being a signatory of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japan should not interfere in the internal affairs of another country without attaching collateral conditions. Also, Tsuchiya had recalled how a British ship once anchored at Chilung refused to help put down a Taiwanese revolt on Japan.[44] Seeing that Tsuchiya had no choice but to follow orders from the Japanese Government and Naval Headquarters, Tsuchiya secretly advised his land force not to kill or wound any sepoy intentionally but to simply encourage them to surrender as the former had no enmity with the latter. According to The General Staff of the British Military Headquarters, “in reality the Japanese did not do much…and it was found desirable to disband them as early as possible”. However, from the point of view of Japanese politicians, Japan’s entry into the mutiny was also a form of projecting Japanese power and strength in the region.
Inquiry and public executions
The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers at Outram Road, Singapore, c. March 1915
On 23 February 1915, a Court of Inquiry was held, at first meeting in confidence but then in public sessions. It prepared a 450 page report dated 15 May 1915. Although extensive discord amongst both officers and men of the 5th Light Infantry was identified, the cause of the mutiny was not conclusively established. The focus of the report was on possible external German influences, plus internal regimental causes of the mutiny.
More than 200 sepoys were tried by court-martial, and 47 were executed, including Kassim Mansoor. Nur Alam Shah was not put on trial, although he was exposed as an active Indian nationalist with links to Ghadar. Instead, he was detained and deported, as the British did not want to stir up trouble among their Muslim subjects. Sixty-four mutineers were transported for life, and 73 were given terms of imprisonment ranging from 7 to 20 years. The public executions by firing squad took place at Outram Prison, and were witnessed by an estimated 15,000 people. The Straits Times reported:
An enormous crowd, reliably estimated at more than 15,000 people, was packed on the slopes of Sepoy Lines looking down on the scene. The square as before was composed of regulars, local volunteers and Shropshire under the command of Colonel Derrick of the Singapore Volunteer Corps (SVC). The firing party consisted of men from the various companies of SVC under Captain Tongue and Lieutenant Blair and Hay.
The remnants of the 5th Light Infantry, numbering 588 sepoys plus seven British and Indian officers, left Singapore on 3 July 1915 to see active service in the Cameroons and German East Africa. They were not accompanied by Colonel Martin, who was heavily criticised by a court of inquiry and then retired from the Army. In 1922 the 5th Light Infantry was disbanded. Much the same fate befell the Malay States Guides; they were sent to Kelantan in Malaya to quell Tok Janggut's uprising at Pasir Puteh in April 1915. Afterwards the Guides were sent to fight in Africa and were disbanded in 1919.
Causes of the Mutiny
Ineffectiveness of commanding officer[edit]
The specifically military grievances which led to the mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry centred on the personality of the commanding officer at the time, Lieutenant-Colonel E. V. Martin. He had been promoted from major in the regiment, although the previous colonel had reported that he was unpopular with his fellow officers and that he inspired little respect among the men. His appointment led to disunity amongst the British officers, which was in turn reflected by division amongst the Indian officers over the promotion to commissioned rank of a colour-havildar. These issues, which might under ordinary circumstances have been of limited impact, were aggregated by the disruptive external influences of the Ghadar Party propaganda noted above and the entry of Turkey into the war.
According to the Court of Inquiry, 'the prime cause of this lamentable episode' was the responsibility of Colonel Martin. Described as a ‘’loner’’ whom officers had little respect for, Martin’s primary fault was that he was too trusting to the point of naivety. While he cared for the welfare of his men and saw that their living conditions were improved, he was described as being too much of a ‘’solder’s friend’’ to the point that other British officers found that this attitude and work ethic of Martin’s severely undermined their authority over the sepoys. Overtime, this served to erode the respect which not only the British officers but even the sepoys had for him.
Colonel Egerton at the India Office commented that the British officers serving under Colonel Martin were comparable to "sheep without a shepherd", avoiding and avoided by Martin whom they should have looked to for guidance. The sepoys were accused of deftly noticing this discontentment and disunity among their British officers and then taking advantage of it to mutiny.
Role of pan-Islamism
Within less than a week of the mutiny, a Court of Inquiry was set up to investigate and collect evidence for the trial for the mutineers. Although the Court of Inquiry was meant to take place behind closed doors, as accordance with standard military procedures, the proceeding was held in public instead. According to Harper and Miller this was to give the public the impression that the mutineers “were being tried for mutiny and shooting with intent to kill and not, as alleged for refusal to go to Turkey’’.Although the Court of Inquiry was clearly trying to downplay the link between Turkey and the mutiny, with the declassification of new documents and evidence, another perceptive has emerged in explaining the cause of the mutiny and that is the role of pan-Islamism. Contrary to official British colonial authorities, the mutiny was not an isolated case of a purely local affair but was instead part of a wider anti-British and pro-Muslim battle.
When Turkey decided to join in the war on the side of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy), the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed V. Reshad (1844-1918) declared a jihad against the Allied Powers (Britain, France and Russia) and issued a fatwa calling on Muslims all around the world to throw their lot with the Caliphate. This move had a huge impact on Muslims throughout the world as the Ottoman Sultan was revered as the Caliph of Islam and long considered by Indian Muslims as the final bulwark of Muslim power following the collapse of the Moghul empire in India. Overnight, Muslims serving under the British Army, such as the sepoys, faced an existential dilemma and their loyalty being torn between their ummah (community, brotherhood) and their British colonial superiors.
For the Muslim sepoys in the 5th Light Infantry, interaction with Kasim Mansur, who was an Indian Muslim merchant in Singapore, served to fuel this sense of divided loyalties further. Kasim Mansur together with a local imam, Nur Alam Shah, would often host member of the 5th Light Infantry at Mansur’s home and it was then that the duo persuaded the Muslim sepoys to adhere to the fatwa issued by the Ottoman Sultan and to turn their guns against their British commanding officers and contribute towards the war against these kafirs who were battling their Muslim brothers who were defending the Caliphate in the West. It was within this context that the plan was hatched for the mutiny.
The global connection
It is difficult to pin point any one reason as the being the main cause or catalyst of the mutiny. However, a recent perspective which has emerged is the role of global connections. The mutiny has revealed the permeable nature of colonial boundaries and the way that external influences were able to reach the colonies in Southeast Asia. The sepoys of the 5th Light Infantry were constantly being bombarded with information about what was happening outside of Singapore. As news of the fatwa issued by the Ottoman Sultan spread, an anti-British movement spearheaded by the Ghadar Party was also disseminating special pamphlets in a variety of languages which were reaching through secret channels into the hands of the sepoys. Acrimonious slogans against the British only fueled the anti-colonial sentiment among the sepoys. Some of these slogans include “the wicked English and their allies are now attacking Islam, but the German Emperor and the Sultan of Turkey have sworn to liberate Asia from the tyranny. Now is the time to rise . . . Only your strength and religious zeal are required”, the sepoys were clearly being bombarded with a lot of anti-British sentiments while being stationed on the small island of Singapore. Talk was also abuzz throughout Singapore of the Komagata Maru incident where Canadian authorities refused to allow a ship holding 376 Indian passengers to land and forced them to stay aboard for 2 months in difficult conditions. On its way back to India, while the ship docked in Singapore, the governor-general of Singapore remarked that “though the ship had no communication with the land, yet it left a bad effect” on the Indian troops stationed there. Clearly, information was reaching the sepoys through a wide range of channels many originating as far as North America, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and India. Much of this information was obtained locally, but even so it was being mediated through a host of international and external actors, including a wide array of Indians from across the subcontinent, British officers, and Arab and Malay coreligionists.
Aftermath of the Mutiny and its Direct Impact on Singapore
The 1915 Singapore Mutiny Memorial Tablet at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Singapore
Setting up of the Special Branch Unit and other related initiatives
The 1915 mutiny was a watershed event in the way that the British viewed security in their Malayan colonies. More importance than ever was placed on political intelligence, espionage, and the surveillance of potential subversives] Following the mutiny, a political intelligence bureau was established in Singapore under direct command and control of Major General Dudley Howard Ridout, General-Officer-Commanding (GOC) Singapore. This eventually paved the way for the formation of the Criminal Intelligence Department (or Special Branch) was set up in 1919.
Other institutions were also formed with the purpose of providing feedback and monitoring activities on the ground. To further enhance the protection of its crown colony from internal skirmishes and attacks, in August 1915, the legislative council passed the Reserve Force and Civil Guard Ordinance. This was the first Act passed in a British colony which imposed compulsory military service on all male subjects between the ages 15 to 55 who were not in the armed forces, volunteers, or police. Additionally, a Reserve force in the Volunteer Corps was created for fit men over the age 40. From the slew of new initiatives enforced, it was clear that the British had taken the debacle of the mutiny as a serious lesson to learn from and to prevent from happening again.
The Singapore Mutiny in Literature
Currently, there are only 2 fictional works in English which deal with the subject of the Singapore mutiny. The first being Isobel Mountain’s novel entitled A Maiden in Malaya written shortly after the mutiny in 1919 and the other being Rogue Raider: The Tale of Captain Lauterbach and the Singapore Mutiny written in 2006. Both stories deal with very different narratives. In Isobel Mountain’s novel, the plot revolves around the romantic story between the protagonist Elizabeth Tain and Peter Fenton a rubber planter. The author however does not fail to project the mutineers in a standard imperial or colonialist interpretation with the mutineers being painted in wholly unattractive colors with no redeeming qualities while hinting at their lustful nature. Isobel Mountain’s representation of the sepoys can be considered an echo of the colonial reportage of the rogue sepoys. Rogue Raider written by Nigel Barley however takes on a humorous tone and centers around the adventures of the Captain Julius Lauterbach of the German Imperial Navy.Once again, the humorous nature of the book underplays and potentially undermines the actual set of events.
Commemoration
The 1915 Singapore Mutiny Memorial Tablet at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Singapore
To commemorate the event and those British soldiers and civilians killed during the mutiny, two memorial tablets were erected at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall and four plaques in St Andrew's Cathedral In addition, three roads were later named in memory of three of the casualties as Walton Road, Harper Road, Holt Road, after Gunner Philip Walton of the Singapore Volunteer Artillery, Corporal J. Harper and Private A.J.G. Holt respectively.
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